A root canal is a dental procedure used to treat infection or damage deep inside a tooth while preserving its natural structure. The treatment is necessary when the pulp—the soft tissue inside the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels—becomes inflamed, infected, or damaged due to deep decay, cracks, repeated dental procedures, or trauma. If left untreated, the infection can spread, leading to severe pain, abscess formation, and even tooth loss. Root canal therapy is performed by a general dentist or an endodontist (a specialist in treating the inner tooth) and is designed to eliminate pain, restore function, and save the tooth.

The root canal procedure begins with an examination and X-rays to assess the extent of the infection. Once confirmed, the dentist administers local anesthesia to numb the area, ensuring a pain-free experience. A small opening is then made in the tooth to access the infected pulp, which is carefully removed using specialized instruments. The root canals are cleaned, disinfected, and shaped to prevent reinfection. After cleaning, the empty canals are filled with a biocompatible material called gutta-percha, which provides stability and prevents bacteria from re-entering the space. Finally, the tooth is sealed with a temporary or permanent filling, and in most cases, a dental crown is placed to restore strength and functionality.

Many people fear that a root canal is a painful procedure, but with modern techniques and anesthesia, it is no more uncomfortable than getting a routine filling. In fact, a root canal relieves the pain caused by the infection and prevents further complications. After the procedure, patients may experience mild soreness or sensitivity, which can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers. The discomfort usually subsides within a few days, and most patients return to their normal activities soon after treatment.

The benefits of a root canal go beyond just pain relief. It helps to:
✔ Save the natural tooth, avoiding extraction and the need for replacements like implants or bridges.
✔ Eliminate infection, preventing it from spreading to surrounding tissues.
✔ Restore chewing function, allowing patients to eat normally.
✔ Maintain jawbone integrity, preventing bone loss that occurs when a tooth is missing.
✔ Enhance oral and overall health, as untreated dental infections can lead to systemic issues like heart disease and diabetes complications.

Proper aftercare is essential for the long-term success of a root canal. Patients should avoid chewing on the treated tooth until a permanent restoration (crown) is placed. Maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups, helps ensure the tooth remains strong and healthy. Routine dental visits allow the dentist to monitor the treated tooth and address any concerns early.

While root canal therapy has a high success rate, in some cases, retreatment or an apicoectomy (surgical procedure) may be necessary if reinfection occurs. However, with proper care, a root canal-treated tooth can last a lifetime.